Names and Studies
Family Diversity
Rapoports (1982) - identified changes in the family, Nuclear is no longer the main type, believes a good thing
Robert Chester (1985) - disagrees with Rapoports - argues the nuclear is still the most common, "Life-cycle"
Willmott + Young - 1950s, Bethnal Green, London, extended families still the norm
Finch + Mason (1993) - kinship ties still important ,90% given/received financial help extended family
Janet Foster (1990) - “Villains” study, people still strongly influenced by values/traditions of the extended family
Ford + Miller (1998 - some see single parents as selfish and second-rate
McLanahan + Booth (1991) - found children in single parent families do worse at school, more likely to become single-parents, more likely to become delinquents, on average earn lower income
Cashmore (1985) - one good parent is better than two bad parents who are always fighting
Berthoud (2000) - ¾ Pakistani and Bangladeshi women married by 25, Black British women least likely to marry
Charles Murray - New Right, identified three classes of people, "Underclass", "New Rabble" and "New Victorian"
Murdock (1949) - Functionalism, family provides 4 vital functions, sexual, reproductive, economic, educational
Parsons (1959) - Functionalism, family provides primary socialisation of child, “warm bath” theory, "Expressive" and "Instrumental" leaders
Fran Ansley (1972) - Marxist feminist, women “takers of shit”
Margaret Benston (1972) - Marxist feminist, women “slaves of wage slaves”
Engels - Marxist, nuclear family developed to help the inheritance of private property, controlled women, protect property
Zaretsky - Marxist, the family “props up” capitalism, males have power at home, help accept oppression in wider society
Leach (1967) - Radical Psychiatry ,nuclear family too isolated, places too much pressure on parents, takes anger/frustration out each other and children
Laing (1964) - Radical Psychiatry, nuclear family causes anxiety, depression and stress, adults and children too much time together
Cooper (1972) - Radical Psychiatry, parents are bosses and children workers, parents teach children to obey
Robert Chester (1985) - disagrees with Rapoports - argues the nuclear is still the most common, "Life-cycle"
Willmott + Young - 1950s, Bethnal Green, London, extended families still the norm
Finch + Mason (1993) - kinship ties still important ,90% given/received financial help extended family
Janet Foster (1990) - “Villains” study, people still strongly influenced by values/traditions of the extended family
Ford + Miller (1998 - some see single parents as selfish and second-rate
McLanahan + Booth (1991) - found children in single parent families do worse at school, more likely to become single-parents, more likely to become delinquents, on average earn lower income
Cashmore (1985) - one good parent is better than two bad parents who are always fighting
Berthoud (2000) - ¾ Pakistani and Bangladeshi women married by 25, Black British women least likely to marry
Charles Murray - New Right, identified three classes of people, "Underclass", "New Rabble" and "New Victorian"
Murdock (1949) - Functionalism, family provides 4 vital functions, sexual, reproductive, economic, educational
Parsons (1959) - Functionalism, family provides primary socialisation of child, “warm bath” theory, "Expressive" and "Instrumental" leaders
Fran Ansley (1972) - Marxist feminist, women “takers of shit”
Margaret Benston (1972) - Marxist feminist, women “slaves of wage slaves”
Engels - Marxist, nuclear family developed to help the inheritance of private property, controlled women, protect property
Zaretsky - Marxist, the family “props up” capitalism, males have power at home, help accept oppression in wider society
Leach (1967) - Radical Psychiatry ,nuclear family too isolated, places too much pressure on parents, takes anger/frustration out each other and children
Laing (1964) - Radical Psychiatry, nuclear family causes anxiety, depression and stress, adults and children too much time together
Cooper (1972) - Radical Psychiatry, parents are bosses and children workers, parents teach children to obey
Demographic Trends
Sue Sharpe - “Just like a girl” – 70s focused love/babies, 90s focused careers
Smith (2001) - Post modernist era, live in world of sexual freedom, people don’t want to marry
British Social Attitudes Survey - many still see marriage as life goal
Thomas and Collard (1979)- women value friendship/emotional gratification, divorce if not receiving this
Hart (1976) - women frustrated with “triple shift”, divorce as a reaction
Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995) - Post-modernist world, traditions no longer apply, don't feel need to marry
Morgan (2000) - married men are more employed
Office for National Statistics (2007) - married people live longer
Morgan (2006) - tax and welfare state does not support marriage
Rogers + Pryer (1998) - children from separated families more likely to... suffer behavioural problems, underachieve at school, become sexually active earlier, smoke, drink + use drugs as a teen
Buchanan - conflict during divorce, children more likely to suffer mental health problems
Campbell (2001) - divorce frees women from patriarchal oppression
Sue Sharpe (1993) - Radical Feminist, anti-marriage, views as a hindrance to career
Dutchman-Smith - Radical Feminist, marriage gives the impression of woman being owned
Smith (2001) - marriage creates unreal expectations about monogamy, we should have sexual freedom
Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995) - "Individualisation", "Choice", "Conflict"
Smith (2001) - Post modernist era, live in world of sexual freedom, people don’t want to marry
British Social Attitudes Survey - many still see marriage as life goal
Thomas and Collard (1979)- women value friendship/emotional gratification, divorce if not receiving this
Hart (1976) - women frustrated with “triple shift”, divorce as a reaction
Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995) - Post-modernist world, traditions no longer apply, don't feel need to marry
Morgan (2000) - married men are more employed
Office for National Statistics (2007) - married people live longer
Morgan (2006) - tax and welfare state does not support marriage
Rogers + Pryer (1998) - children from separated families more likely to... suffer behavioural problems, underachieve at school, become sexually active earlier, smoke, drink + use drugs as a teen
Buchanan - conflict during divorce, children more likely to suffer mental health problems
Campbell (2001) - divorce frees women from patriarchal oppression
Sue Sharpe (1993) - Radical Feminist, anti-marriage, views as a hindrance to career
Dutchman-Smith - Radical Feminist, marriage gives the impression of woman being owned
Smith (2001) - marriage creates unreal expectations about monogamy, we should have sexual freedom
Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995) - "Individualisation", "Choice", "Conflict"
Social Policy
Calvert + Calvert (1992) - way in which government at the time directs economic resources to meet specific social needs
Donzelot (1977) - “Policing of families”, government policy states power over family
Land (1978) - social policy assumes ideal family is the patriarchal nuclear family, difficult for other family types
Leonard (1978) - even when supporting women, may still reinforce patriarchal family, form of social control over women
Cashmore (1985) - working class mothers choose benefits because experience abuse
Stacey (1998) - benefits women, free themselves from patriarchal oppression and shape family arrangements
Condry (2007) - state seeks to control and regulate family life
Morgan (2000) - government is “anti-marriage”
Valerie Riches - sex education harms young, making women work undermines male role, same sex families “not natural”, opposes single parents, against contraception as it promotes promiscuity
Donzelot (1977) - “Policing of families”, government policy states power over family
Land (1978) - social policy assumes ideal family is the patriarchal nuclear family, difficult for other family types
Leonard (1978) - even when supporting women, may still reinforce patriarchal family, form of social control over women
Cashmore (1985) - working class mothers choose benefits because experience abuse
Stacey (1998) - benefits women, free themselves from patriarchal oppression and shape family arrangements
Condry (2007) - state seeks to control and regulate family life
Morgan (2000) - government is “anti-marriage”
Valerie Riches - sex education harms young, making women work undermines male role, same sex families “not natural”, opposes single parents, against contraception as it promotes promiscuity
Childhood
Aries (1962) - childhood relatively recent invention, pre-industrial time seen as mini-adults
Berger (1972) - art historian, supports Aries, wore same clothes, adopted same facial expressions/mannerisms
Hendrick (1992) - criticised Aries, data unreliable and unrepresentative
Hood Williams - childhood now a set period
Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research (2003) -
Cunningham (2006) - 19th century saw social construction of “childhood” as a defined role
Diana Gittens - decline in infant mortality rate, people invest more in each child, objects of fun
Hood Williams - believes children now “consumers” rather than “productive contributors”
Melanie Phillips (1997) - trends that undermine innocence of childhood, concept of parenting distorted by liberal ideas, children’s rights undermine socialisation of healthy respect for parental authority, media/peer group more influential than parents
Sue Palmer (2007) - "Toxic Childhood”, parents use technology as alternatives to traditional parenting practices
Neil Postman - "The end of childhood”, boundaries between childhood and adulthood blurring
Marrow (1998) - children are constructive contributors to family life
Berger (1972) - art historian, supports Aries, wore same clothes, adopted same facial expressions/mannerisms
Hendrick (1992) - criticised Aries, data unreliable and unrepresentative
Hood Williams - childhood now a set period
Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research (2003) -
Cunningham (2006) - 19th century saw social construction of “childhood” as a defined role
Diana Gittens - decline in infant mortality rate, people invest more in each child, objects of fun
Hood Williams - believes children now “consumers” rather than “productive contributors”
Melanie Phillips (1997) - trends that undermine innocence of childhood, concept of parenting distorted by liberal ideas, children’s rights undermine socialisation of healthy respect for parental authority, media/peer group more influential than parents
Sue Palmer (2007) - "Toxic Childhood”, parents use technology as alternatives to traditional parenting practices
Neil Postman - "The end of childhood”, boundaries between childhood and adulthood blurring
Marrow (1998) - children are constructive contributors to family life
Gender Roles
Domestic Violence:
Home Office - statistics regarding
Stanko (2000) - 1 incident reported every minute
Mirrlees Black (1999) - 70% against women from men
Dobash + Dobash (1980) - interviewed female victims, most incidents not reported out of fear
Kirkwood (1993) - causes psychological damage
Nazroo (1999) - women often live in fear of male violence, men less threatened if wife is violent
Domestic Labour:
Hochschild - high earning women do more housework as a result the man feels emasculated
Willmott + Young (1973) - “The Symmetrical Family", more balance between men and women, more egalitarian
Elizabeth Bott - coined marriage role terms
Lydia Morris (1990) - husband unemployed and wife works, found men do no more work after being unemployed than before, unemployed leads to feeling emasculated, housework leads to further emasculation
Johnathan Gershunny (1994) - compared working to non-working women, women in full time work do less housework than full time housewives, still not symmetrical
Man-Yee Kan (2001) - even though most women work still tend to do the majority of housework and childcare, more the woman’s salary increased the less housework she did
British Social Attitudes Survey - found a trend of men doing more, women still do more in home, men stick to “traditional “ men’s jobs
Hart - "Triple shift”, argues this is an unfair burden
British Household Panel Survey (2001) - whatever the family set-up, women do more work
Dryden (1999) - gender inequality in distribution of childcare and housework still cause of massive dissatisfaction in married women, women still take major responsibility for housework and childcare
Lader (2006) - women in paid work spent 21 hours a week on housework, men spend 12 hour, little sign of traditional sexual division of labour changing
Oakley (1974) - 15% of husbands have a high level of participation in housework, 25% of husbands have a high level of participation in childcare
Boulton (1983) - fewer than 20% of husbands took a major childcare role
Ferri and Smith (1996) - women still more likely to be responsible for childcare, man main carer in only 4% of families
Gillian Dunne (1999) - showed equality in lesbian households, 37% couples more likely to share housework and childcare
Financial Control:
Jan Pahl (1993) - investigated who took control over accounts/money, suggesting reasons for the findings
Delphy (1992) - "Differential consumption”, when men buy products and spend more than their wives do
Geethika et al. (2002) - some women stockpiled their own savings without their husbands' knowledge, "Egalitarian family a myth”
Decision Making:
Edgell (1980) - men made important decisions
Hardill et al. (1997) - middle classes are becoming more joint
Leighton - when the male is unemployed the female took over the bills and was more likely make key decisions
Home Office - statistics regarding
Stanko (2000) - 1 incident reported every minute
Mirrlees Black (1999) - 70% against women from men
Dobash + Dobash (1980) - interviewed female victims, most incidents not reported out of fear
Kirkwood (1993) - causes psychological damage
Nazroo (1999) - women often live in fear of male violence, men less threatened if wife is violent
Domestic Labour:
Hochschild - high earning women do more housework as a result the man feels emasculated
Willmott + Young (1973) - “The Symmetrical Family", more balance between men and women, more egalitarian
Elizabeth Bott - coined marriage role terms
Lydia Morris (1990) - husband unemployed and wife works, found men do no more work after being unemployed than before, unemployed leads to feeling emasculated, housework leads to further emasculation
Johnathan Gershunny (1994) - compared working to non-working women, women in full time work do less housework than full time housewives, still not symmetrical
Man-Yee Kan (2001) - even though most women work still tend to do the majority of housework and childcare, more the woman’s salary increased the less housework she did
British Social Attitudes Survey - found a trend of men doing more, women still do more in home, men stick to “traditional “ men’s jobs
Hart - "Triple shift”, argues this is an unfair burden
British Household Panel Survey (2001) - whatever the family set-up, women do more work
Dryden (1999) - gender inequality in distribution of childcare and housework still cause of massive dissatisfaction in married women, women still take major responsibility for housework and childcare
Lader (2006) - women in paid work spent 21 hours a week on housework, men spend 12 hour, little sign of traditional sexual division of labour changing
Oakley (1974) - 15% of husbands have a high level of participation in housework, 25% of husbands have a high level of participation in childcare
Boulton (1983) - fewer than 20% of husbands took a major childcare role
Ferri and Smith (1996) - women still more likely to be responsible for childcare, man main carer in only 4% of families
Gillian Dunne (1999) - showed equality in lesbian households, 37% couples more likely to share housework and childcare
Financial Control:
Jan Pahl (1993) - investigated who took control over accounts/money, suggesting reasons for the findings
Delphy (1992) - "Differential consumption”, when men buy products and spend more than their wives do
Geethika et al. (2002) - some women stockpiled their own savings without their husbands' knowledge, "Egalitarian family a myth”
Decision Making:
Edgell (1980) - men made important decisions
Hardill et al. (1997) - middle classes are becoming more joint
Leighton - when the male is unemployed the female took over the bills and was more likely make key decisions