Domestic Violence
Types:
Verbal
Emotional
Physical
Psychological
Control
Statistics:
94% female victims
6% male victims
30% start during pregnancy
Ages 16-24 most affected
Can occur across all economic situations
Children are affected emotionally and socially, experience long-lasting effects
Home Office:
1 in 4 women suffer at some point, 1 in 6 men
2 women die every week
16% of all violent crimes, not all reported
Stanko (2000):
1 incident reported every minute
Mirrlees Black (1999):
70% against women from men
Dobash + Dobash (1980):
Interviewed female victims
Most incidents not reported out of fear
Kirkwood (1993):
Domestic violence causes psychological damage
Home Office:
More repeat victims than any other crime
Average 35 assaults before calling police
2 women die per week, 30 men per year
Largest cause of sickness worldwide in women aged 19-44
Verbal
Emotional
Physical
Psychological
Control
Statistics:
94% female victims
6% male victims
30% start during pregnancy
Ages 16-24 most affected
Can occur across all economic situations
Children are affected emotionally and socially, experience long-lasting effects
Home Office:
1 in 4 women suffer at some point, 1 in 6 men
2 women die every week
16% of all violent crimes, not all reported
Stanko (2000):
1 incident reported every minute
Mirrlees Black (1999):
70% against women from men
Dobash + Dobash (1980):
Interviewed female victims
Most incidents not reported out of fear
Kirkwood (1993):
Domestic violence causes psychological damage
Home Office:
More repeat victims than any other crime
Average 35 assaults before calling police
2 women die per week, 30 men per year
Largest cause of sickness worldwide in women aged 19-44
Domestic Labour
Work done in the home – childcare and housework
Unpaid
Stereotyped 1950s family – women do most of domestic labour and men do DIY
1940s - 5x number of families single earner
Nowadays - 3x number of families single earner
Less housework now due to:
Advancing technologies
Less people in house so less mess
Takes outs/eating out
Women still do most of housework – average 1 month more – men are now doing more
Hochschild:
High earning women more housework, man feels emasculated
Willmott + Young (1973):
“The Symmetrical Family”
Claimed traditional family changing
More balance between men and women
London couples, 72% of men did housework
Still gender segregated roles
Elizabeth Bott:
Conjugal roles – roles within marriage
Joint - shared paid and unpaid
Segregated - male does paid, female does unpaid
Emasculation:
Decline in masculinity, man feels he is losing his “manliness”
When female becomes breadwinner:
Man takes on “female” roles, feels emasculated
Female earns money and able to make decisions
Female doing “double shift”
Female provider feels unfeminine
Jealousy issues
Lydia Morris (1990):
Husband unemployed and wife works
Thought men would “step-up”
Found they do no more after being unemployed than before
Unemployed leads to feeling emasculated, housework leads to further emasculation
Johnathan Gershunny (1994):
Compared working to non-working women
Women in full time work do less housework than full time housewives
Still not symmetrical
Husbands taking on more housework and childcare
Man-Yee Kan (2001):
Even though most women work still tend to do the majority of housework and childcare
Full time employment spend an average of 12 hrs per week on chores
More the woman’s salary increased the less housework she did
Unpaid
Stereotyped 1950s family – women do most of domestic labour and men do DIY
1940s - 5x number of families single earner
Nowadays - 3x number of families single earner
Less housework now due to:
Advancing technologies
Less people in house so less mess
Takes outs/eating out
Women still do most of housework – average 1 month more – men are now doing more
Hochschild:
High earning women more housework, man feels emasculated
Willmott + Young (1973):
“The Symmetrical Family”
Claimed traditional family changing
More balance between men and women
London couples, 72% of men did housework
Still gender segregated roles
Elizabeth Bott:
Conjugal roles – roles within marriage
Joint - shared paid and unpaid
Segregated - male does paid, female does unpaid
Emasculation:
Decline in masculinity, man feels he is losing his “manliness”
When female becomes breadwinner:
Man takes on “female” roles, feels emasculated
Female earns money and able to make decisions
Female doing “double shift”
Female provider feels unfeminine
Jealousy issues
Lydia Morris (1990):
Husband unemployed and wife works
Thought men would “step-up”
Found they do no more after being unemployed than before
Unemployed leads to feeling emasculated, housework leads to further emasculation
Johnathan Gershunny (1994):
Compared working to non-working women
Women in full time work do less housework than full time housewives
Still not symmetrical
Husbands taking on more housework and childcare
Man-Yee Kan (2001):
Even though most women work still tend to do the majority of housework and childcare
Full time employment spend an average of 12 hrs per week on chores
More the woman’s salary increased the less housework she did
Financial Control
Jan Pahl (1993):
Husband controlled pooling - most likely 39/102, joint account but husband controlled decisions
Joint account - 27/102, women controlled, more common in middle class, women earned more
Husband control - 22/102, own account, took control of major financial decisions, more common in lower-income families, wife's income mainly cash so doesn't need own account
Wife control - 14/102, least likely,common only in low-income families where neither had an account and controlled earnings to pay bills
Delphy (1992):
"Differential consumption” - when men buy products and spend more than their wives do
Geethika et al. (2002):
Some women stockpiled their own savings without their husbands' knowledge
Some afraid their husbands would spend it if found out
Men still called “shots” even in low-income families
"Egalitarian family a myth”
Husband controlled pooling - most likely 39/102, joint account but husband controlled decisions
Joint account - 27/102, women controlled, more common in middle class, women earned more
Husband control - 22/102, own account, took control of major financial decisions, more common in lower-income families, wife's income mainly cash so doesn't need own account
Wife control - 14/102, least likely,common only in low-income families where neither had an account and controlled earnings to pay bills
Delphy (1992):
"Differential consumption” - when men buy products and spend more than their wives do
Geethika et al. (2002):
Some women stockpiled their own savings without their husbands' knowledge
Some afraid their husbands would spend it if found out
Men still called “shots” even in low-income families
"Egalitarian family a myth”
Decision Making
Edgell (1980):
Men made important decisions
Hardill et al. (1997):
Middle classes are becoming more joint
Leighton:
When the male is unemployed the female took over the bills and was more likely make key decisions
Supports the idea that earnings results in who makes the decisions
Some ethnic minority groups it is traditional for men to make decisions
Men may feel masculinity threatened if they don’t make decisions
Men tend to earn more money so decide what to spend it on
Feminists argue women are socialised to be passive
Men stereotypically make decisions because of tradition, earning and socialisation
Men made important decisions
Hardill et al. (1997):
Middle classes are becoming more joint
Leighton:
When the male is unemployed the female took over the bills and was more likely make key decisions
Supports the idea that earnings results in who makes the decisions
Some ethnic minority groups it is traditional for men to make decisions
Men may feel masculinity threatened if they don’t make decisions
Men tend to earn more money so decide what to spend it on
Feminists argue women are socialised to be passive
Men stereotypically make decisions because of tradition, earning and socialisation